flavonoids 98%

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• Active Ingredient: flavonoids • Specification: 98% • Test Method： UV-VIS Latin Name: Citrus aurantium Pharmacopeial Name: Aurantii pericarpium Other Names: Seville orange, sour orange Overview Bitter orange is an aromatic variety of citrus that produces highly bitter, acidic fruits. The tree, indigenous to eastern Africa, Arabia, and Syria, was cultivated in India and in Europe by 1200 C.E. Sometimes called Seville orange, bitter orange is produced in Spain, Sicily, Tripoli, California, and Florida (Trease and Evans, 1989). Unripe dried fruits and fruit peels provide ingredients for numerous products. In China, two medicinal preparations are made from bitter orange. In Europe and North America, essential oils distilled from bitter orange flowers (neroli oil) and leaves (petitgrain oil) are commonly used by perfume, cosmetic, and aromatherapy industries (Leung and Foster, 1996). These, and bitter orange oil, flavor many foods, and mask unpleasant tastes in pharmaceuticals. In traditional Chinese medicine, Zhi qiao, prepared from the dried peel of immature, green fruit, and Zhi shi, prepared from dried fruit, have specific applications, added to formulas that treat mild indigestion, nausea, constipation, and organ prolapse (Huang, 1993). Like Zhi qiao, Zhi shi is a traditional Chinese treatment for indigestion and anal or uterine prolapse. In its contemporary use in China, it is injected for the treatment of shock syndromes, toxic and anaphylactic shock in particular (Huang, 1993). The herb's positive inotropic effects, observed improvements to circulation of blood through the heart and cerebral tissue, and its amine content, synephrine and N-methyltyramine, validate this use. The primary indication for bitter orange tincture or extract is heartburn. Dried peel is official in the British Pharmacopoeia as a bitter tonic (Trease and Evans, 1989). Traditional herbalism correlates bitter substances to the digestive tract, and empirical evidence suggests that bitter orange is carminative (Leung and Foster, 1996), mostly likely due to mild spasmolysis. It may also have applications as a topical antifungal agent; oil of bitter orange was effective in curing patients with treatment-resistant fungal skin diseases in recent studies (Ramadan et al., 1996). In vitro tests show that limonene from citrus peels may have relevant anticancer, antitumor, and cell-differentiation promoting activities (Boik, 1995). Bitter orange extract has been added to herbal weight loss formulas as a replacement for epinephrine. Bitter orange is believed to increase metabolism or thermogenesis due to its synephrine content, and, because of this constituent, it is used in herbal nasal decongestants as an alternative to ephedrine (Sabinsa, 1997). However, the effects of bitter orange in weight reduction, nasal decongestion, and patient safety is still controversial, and awaits clinical assessment. Synephrine, an a1-adrenergic agonist, stimulates a rise in blood pressure through vasoconstriction. N-methyltyramine also raises blood pressure, through norepinephrine depletion (Huang, 1993). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description Bitter orange peel is the dried outer peel of ripe fruits of Citrus aurantium L. subspecies aurantium (synonym C. aurantium L. subspecies amara Engler) [Fam. Rutaceae], freed from the white pulp layer, as well as its preparations in effective dosage. The preparation contains essential oil and bitter principles. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chemistry and Pharmacology The main constituents include approximately 0.2?.5% essential oil; the monoterpenes linalyl acetate, a-pinene, limonene, linalool, nerol, and geraniol; methyl anthranilate; bitter substances; and flavonoids (Wichtl and Bisset, 1994). The flavones present include: tangeretin, tetra-o-methylscutellarin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4' 杊eptametoxyflavone, nobiletin, sinensetin, auranetin, and 5-hydroxyauranetin (Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992). Active principles in the peel include the alkaloid synephrine and N-methyltyramine (Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992). The carotene pigments found in Citrus species are derived from cryptoxanthin (major), luteoxanthin, mutatochrome, auroxanthin, and zeaxanthin (Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992). Bitter orange peel contains choleretic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. Antihypercholesterolemic activity (prevents elevation of serum cholesterol level) in humans and animals is attributed to the constituent pectin (Leung and Foster, 1996). Ms.Emily Wang Organic Herb Inc. Phone:+86-731-82739231 Fax:+86 -731 -82739211 Mobile:+86-155-75126185 Email: emily@organic-herb.com MSN:wang.yequn@hotmail.com Website: http://www.organic-herb.com

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Changsha Organic-herb Inc

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