In migration, clay minerals can be dispersed by contact with a foreign fluid, or they can be entrained by produced fluids and transported until a restriction (normally a pore throat) is encountered where the entrained particles bridge, forming a restriction to the capillary. The mechanism of clays and other fine minerals has been extensively explored in other sources.
Clay minerals are composed of small crystal structures that have highly negatively charged surfaces. In their natural state, the clays are surrounded by connate water that is highly saline in nature.
Most oil reservoir in the world is belongs to high clay sand formation. When clay mineral meets water, it will disperse, swell and migration to plug the formation. However, the clay widely exists, and it plays a very important role in the oil develop.
A
clay stabilizer which is capable of inhibiting swelling in a wide variety of clay types and is also capable of restoring permeability in formations which have previously been damaged by clay swelling. Amine salts of differing molecular weights configurations and ionic strength are combined to provide transport into micropores, mesopores and macropores in the formation and to effect cationic change therein. A poly quaternary amine having a high to very high charge density is added along with lower molecular weight amine salts to substantially permanently exchange cations with the clay in the formation.
Formation damage in the vicinity of the wellbore is a major cause of low productivity, and the difficulties involved in removing the damage translate into a significant number of wells that do not respond satisfactorily to remedial treatment. This damage is usually the result of fines migration which is triggered by the introduction of foreign water. The migrating fines tend to lodge in constrictions in the formation flow channels where they severely reduce production.
Clay stabilizers have been used to solve this problem for several decades. Cationic organic problem for several decades. Cationic organic polymers (COPs) have been the most popular polymers (COPs) have been the most popular stabilizers because of treatment longevity and effectiveness in moderate to high permeability formations. Most producing formations in the United States, however, do not have moderate to high permeabilities but are classified instead as "low" permeabilities but are classified instead as "low" permeability. permeability. A new clay stabilizing additive has been developed specifically for low permeability formations typical in the Appalachian basin. This low molecular weight chemical is shown to be effective in rock matrices with permeabilities as low as 0.015 md. Other popular clay stabilizers with higher molecular weights are less effective in preventing swelling and migration of clay in formations having permeabilities below 30 md. Additionally, permeability damage can result when these relatively high molecular weight polymers are injected into low permeability formations.
L.E.A.D. developed a kind of efficient clay stabilizer, and be applied in a variety of aspects of well operation. From the construction effect, we know that in the reservoir the clay stabilizers stabilize the clay effectively, and protect the oil formation. And the main categories are as follows:
About L.E.A.D.
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